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LORD OF HOSTS

The most frequently used compound title for the Israelite deity in the OT (Heb. YHWH ṣĕḇāʾô). A similar title is “Yahweh, God of hosts.” These epithets describe Yahweh as both divine Warrior and divine King, with “hosts” referring to both earthly (e.g., the Israelites or their armies) and cosmic forces (celestial bodies or angels). It appears most often in the Prophets (esp. Isaiah, Jeremiah, Zechariah, and Malachi) and not at all in the Pentateuch. In 1 Sam. 1:3 it is associated with the shrine at Shiloh. During Israelite conflict with the Philistines it is paralleled with “the God of the armies” (1 Sam. 17:45), demonstrating, initially, a very militaristic understanding of the title.

Bibliography. T. N. D. Mettinger, In Search of God: The Meaning and Message of the Everlasting Names (Philadelphia, 1988); P. D. Miller, The Divine Warrior in Early Israel. HSM 5 (Cambridge, Mass., 1973).

Tony S. L. Michael







Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (2000)

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